In 1937, the group was transformed into the Society of Motion Picture Art Directors. The rank of “supervising art director” was first given to Cedric Gibbons at MGM and Hans Dreier at Paramount ( Whitlock 2010, p. The first Academy Awards for art direction (in 1927–1928) were given to Rochus Gliese for Sunrise, William Cameron Menzies for The Dove and Tempest, and Harry Oliver for 7th Heaven. Historically, it was not until 1924 that sixty-three of the top individuals pursuing these crafts in the United States formed the Cinemagundi Club, a social and networking organization. According to Cathy Whitlock, within the American context, the term production designer was first applied to William Cameron Menzies for his work on Gone with the Wind in 1939, but it did not become a popular one until after the studio era ( Whitlock 2010, p. Within cinema discourse, the terms art direction, production design, and set direction are interrelated, although the first two would seem to have a broader purview.
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